Blowing Dust to Cool Fusion Plasmas

Researchers at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility have experimented with injecting boron, boron nitride, and lithium powders into tokamaks to cool the edge of the magnetically confined fusion fuel. While gases are typically used to introduce impurities into the plasma, powders can deliver a considerable amount of material directly into the exhaust system, leading to a promising scenario that reduces peak heat fluxes that reach the tokamak wall. The use of powders also expands the range of possible impurities that can be injected, and they can be delivered in higher purity than gases, allowing better control of the fusion plasma. Incorporating powder injection into future reactor designs may allow them to maintain high levels of fusion performance while increasing the lifetime of divertor surfaces.